Digital Integrated Circuits (ICs), often referred to as digital chips, are the foundational building blocks of all modern electronic devices, from computers and smartphones to industrial control systems. They operate by processing and storing information using discrete voltage levels to represent binary logic states—typically 'high' for a logical 1 and 'low' for a logical 0. These complex microelectronic circuits integrate millions or even billions of miniaturized components, such as transistors, on a single semiconductor substrate, usually silicon. By implementing fundamental logic gates (like AND, OR, NOT) and sequential elements (like flip-flops and registers), Digital ICs perform a vast array of functions, including arithmetic operations, data manipulation, control, and memory storage, enabling the digital revolution and the creation of highly sophisticated and compact electronic systems.
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